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  • Дата на основаване септември 6, 1936
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Baidu World Technology Conference (News Release).

Baidu, Inc. (/ ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo; Chinese: 百度; pinyin: Bǎidù; lit. ‘hundred times’) is a Chinese international innovation business focusing on Internet services and expert system. It holds a dominant position in China’s search engine market (by means of Baidu Search), and provides a variety of other internet services such as Baidu App (Baidu’s flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a keyword-based conversation online forum).

Besides its core internet search organization, Baidu has actually diversified into several high-growth locations. The business is a leading player in autonomous driving (Baidu Apollo), [3] and wise customer electronics (Xiaodu). [4] With over a decade of investment in synthetic intelligence, Baidu is among the few tech business internationally to use a full-stack AI stack, consisting of software application, chips, cloud infrastructure, foundation designs, and applications. [5]

The holding business of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. [2] Baidu was incorporated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier online search engine established by Robin Li in 1996, before he founded Baidu in 2000. [6] The business is headquartered in Beijing’s Haidian District. [7]

In December 2007, Baidu ended up being the first Chinese business to be consisted of in the NASDAQ-100 index. [8] Since May 2018, Baidu’s market cap rose to US$ 99 billion. [9] [10] [11] In October 2018, Baidu ended up being the first Chinese company to join the United States-based computer system principles consortium Partnership on AI. [12] During the 2020s, Baidu has significantly focused on generative AI related items. [13]

The Chinese federal government views Baidu as one of its nationwide champion corporations. [14]:156 -157

Early advancement

In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, Chinese: 李彦宏) signed up with IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped establish software for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. [15] He also dealt with developing much better algorithms for online search engine and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.

In 1996, while at IDD, Li established the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking [6] [16] [17] and received an US patent for the innovation. [18] Launched in 1996, [6] RankDex was the first search engine that utilized links to determine the quality of sites it was indexing. [19] Li referred to his search mechanism as „link analysis,“ which included ranking the popularity of a website based upon how many other sites had actually linked to it. [20] It preceded the comparable PageRank algorithm used by Google 2 years later in 1998; [21] Google creator Larry Page referenced Li’s work as a citation in a few of his U.S. patents for PageRank. [6] [21] [22] Li later used his RankDex innovation for the Baidu online search engine.

Baidu was included on 18 January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. [7] In 2001, Baidu allowed advertisers to bid for ad area then pay Baidu every time a customer clicked an ad, preceding Google’s approach to marketing. [20] In 2003, Baidu launched a news search engine and picture search engine, adopting a special recognition innovation efficient in determining and organizing the posts. [23]

2005: Public Listing on NASDAQ

Baidu went public on Wall Street through a variable interest entity (VIE) based in the Cayman Islands on 5 August 2005. [24]

In 2007, Chinese federal government and Chinese market sources mentioned that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which permits the search engine to end up being a full-fledged news website. Thus Baidu is able to offer its own reports, besides revealing specific outcomes as a search engine. Baidu was the first Chinese search engine to get such a license. [25]

Baidu started its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the company’s first regular service outside of China in 2008. [26] The Japanese search engine closed on 16 March 2015. [27]

On 31 July 2012, Baidu revealed that it would team up with Sina to offer mobile search engine result. [28]

On 18 November 2012, Baidu announced that it would be partnering with Qualcomm to use complimentary cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. [29]

On 2 August 2013, Baidu launched its Personal Assistant app, created to help CEOs, supervisors and the white-collar workers handle their organization relationships. [30]

On 16 May 2014, Baidu designated Dr. Andrew Ng as primary scientist. Dr. Ng will lead Baidu Research in Silicon Valley and Beijing. [31]

On 18 July 2014, the business released a Brazilian version of the online search engine, Baidu Busca. [32]

On 9 October 2014, Baidu revealed acquisition of Brazilian regional e-commerce site Peixe Urbano. [33]

2017: Launch of Autonomous Driving Business

In April 2017, Baidu revealed the launch of its Apollo project (Apolong), a self-driving car platform, in a quote to help drive the development of self-governing cars including vehicle platform, hardware platform, open-source software platform and cloud data services. [34] Baidu prepares to introduce this project in July 2017, before gradually introducing totally autonomous driving capabilities on highways and open city roads by 2020. [35] In September 2017, Baidu introduced a $1.5 billion self-governing driving fund to invest in as lots of as 100 self-governing driving projects over the occurring 3 years. [36] At the exact same time, Apollo open-source software version 1.5 was likewise launched. [37]

In June 2017, Baidu partnered with Continental and Bosch, vehicle industry suppliers, on automated driving and connected cars and trucks. [38]

In July 2017, Baidu GBU participated in a partnership with Snap Inc. to act as the company’s official ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore. [39] The partnership was extended in 2019. [40]

In September 2017, Baidu presented a brand-new portable talking translator that can listen and speak in numerous different languages. Smaller than a normal mobile phone, the 140-gram translation gadget can also be used as a portable Wi-Fi router and has the ability to operate on networks in 80 countries. It is still under development. Baidu will likewise be inserting expert system (AI) innovation into smartphones, through its deep learning platform. [41] [42] At the same period, it has likewise led a joint investment of US$ 12billion with Alibaba Group, Tencent, JD.com and Didi Chuxing, obtaining 35% of China Unicom’s stakes. [43] [44] [45]

In October 2017, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baidu would introduce self-driving buses in China in 2018. [46] [47] In the very same month, Baidu announced that its first yearly Baidu World innovation conference (Bring AI to Life) would be held and live-streamed on 16 November 2017, at China World Summit Wing and Kerry Hotel, combining Baidu executives, workers, partners, designers, and media to discuss the business’s objective and technique, technology breakthroughs, brand-new item advancements, and its open artificial-intelligence (AI) ecosystem. [48]

China’s federal government designated Baidu as one of its „AI champions“ in 2018. [49]:281

In 2018, Baidu divested the „Global DU service“ portion of its overseas service, which developed a series of utility apps including ES File Explorer, DU Caller, Mobojoy, Photo Wonder and DU Recorder, and so on. [50] This company now operates independently of Baidu under the name DO Global. [51]

2021: Hong Kong Secondary Listing

In March 2021, Baidu protected a secondary listing on the Hong Kong Stock market, raising $3.1 billion. This marked the largest homecoming for a U.S.-traded Chinese business in Hong Kong considering that JD.com’s listing the previous June.

In August 2021 Baidu revealed a new Robocar idea stated to be efficient in Level 5 autonomous driving. [52] It also includes the current second-generation AI chip that can analyse the internal and external environments to provide predictive tips to proactively serve the requirements of guests.

In June 2022, Jidu Auto, an intelligent electrical vehicle business originally backed by Baidu and Geely revealed its very first idea ROBO-01 in the kind of a pre-production car. The ROBO-01 trips on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, a modular electrical lorry platform established by Geely Holding. [53]

In August 2023, Baidu unveiled its ChatGPT-equivalent language design Ernie Bot publicly. [54] In October 2023, Baidu released a newer version Ernie 4.0 chatbot. [55]

Since April 2024, Apollo Go, Baidu’s autonomous ride-hailing service, had actually finished 6 million trips utilizing driverless robotaxis across 11 cities. The service operates a fleet of over 400 driverless vehicles in Wuhan. [56]

Domain redirection attack

On 12 January 2010, Baidu.com’s DNS records in the United States were modified such that web browsers to baidu.com were rerouted to a site professing to be the Iranian Cyber Army, thought to lag the attack on Twitter throughout the 2009 Iranian election protests, making the proper website unusable for four hours. [57] Internet users were consulted with a page stating „This site has actually been assaulted by Iranian Cyber Army“. [58] Chinese hackers later responded by attacking Iranian sites and leaving messages. [59] Baidu later introduced legal action against Register.com for gross negligence after it was revealed that Register.com’s technical assistance personnel changed the e-mail address for Baidu.com on the request of an unnamed person, despite stopping working security verification procedures. Once the address had been altered, the individual was able to use the forgotten password function to have Baidu’s domain passwords sent out straight to them, enabling them to achieve the domain hijacking. [60] [61] The lawsuit was settled out of court under concealed terms after Register.com provided an apology. [62]

Baidu workers arrested

On 6 August 2012, the BBC reported that three employees of Baidu were detained on suspicion that they accepted bribes. The allurements were presumably paid for deleting posts from the forum service. Four individuals were fired in connection with these arrests. [63]

91 Wireless acquisition

On 16 July 2013, Baidu revealed its intention to buy 91 Wireless from NetDragon. 91 Wireless is best understood for its app store, but it has actually been reported that the app store deals with personal privacy and other legal issues. [64] On 14 August 2013, Baidu revealed that its completely owned subsidiary Baidu (Hong Kong) Limited has actually signed a definitive merger arrangement to get 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from NetDragon Web-soft Inc. [65] for$1.85 billion in what was reported to be the greatest deal ever in China’s IT sector. [66]

Name

The name Baidu (百度) actually implies „a hundred times“, or alternatively, „many times“. It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji’s (辛弃疾) classical poem „Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival“ (青玉案 · 元夕) saying: „Having browsed hundreds of times in the crowd, all of a sudden turning back, she exists in the dimmest candlelight.“ (众里寻他千百度, 蓦然回首, 那人却在灯火阑珊处 。) [67] [68]

Services

Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), travel-booking service managed by Baidu. As of 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its initial public offering that year. [69] It is listed at NASDAQ. [70]
Advertisements

Baidu’s main marketing product is called Baidu Tuiguang and is similar to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click marketing platform that permits advertisers to have their ads shown in Baidu search results page pages and on other websites that become part of Baidu Union. However, Baidu’s search engine result are likewise based on payments by marketers. This has triggered criticism and hesitation among Chinese users, with People’s Daily commenting in 2018 on issues regarding reliability of Baidu results. Often as numerous as the first 2 pages of search outcomes tend to be paid marketers. [71]

Baidu offers its marketing products via a network of resellers. [72] Baidu’s web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it hard for non-Chinese speakers to use. In 2012, a third-party business established a tool with an interface in English for marketing on Baidu. [73] [74] Advertisers on Baidu should have a registered service address either in China or in defined East Asian nations. [75]

Competition

Baidu [76] completes with Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft’s Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase’s Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba’s Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.

Baidu is the most used online search engine in China, managing 76.05 percent of China’s market share. The variety of Internet users in China had actually reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com. [77]

In an August 2010 Wall Street Journal post, [78] Baidu played down its benefit from Google’s having moved its China search service to Hong Kong, however Baidu’s share of profits in China’s search-advertising market grew six percentage points in the second quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research firm Analysys International.

It is likewise evident that Baidu is attempting to get in the Internet social media network market. As of 2011 [update], it is discussing the possibility of dealing with Facebook, which would lead to a Chinese version of the global social media, handled by Baidu. [79] This strategy, if executed, would deal with off Baidu with competition from the 3 popular Chinese social networks Qzone, Renren [80] and Kaixin001 [81] as well as induce rivalry with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ. [82]

On 22 February 2012, Hudong submitted a problem to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce requesting a review of the behavior of Baidu, accusing it of being monopolistic. [83]

By August 2014, Baidu’s search market share in China dropped to 56.3%, where Qihoo 360, its closest rival who has rebranded its online search engine as so.com, has actually increased its market share to 29.0%, according to report from CNZZ.com. [84]

In February 2015, Baidu was declared to have used anticompetitive methods in Brazil against the Brazilian online security company PSafe and Qihoo 360 (the biggest investor of PSafe). [85] [86]

In an ongoing competitors in AI natural language processing called General Language Understanding Evaluation, otherwise understood as GLUE, Baidu took a lead over Microsoft and Google in December 2019. [87]

Research and patents

Baidu has begun to purchase deep learning research study and is incorporating brand-new deep learning innovation into some of its apps and items, including Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu’s ad-bidding platform. [88]

In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live obtained a patent for its „DNA copyright acknowledgment“ innovation. This innovation automatically scans files that are published by Internet users, and acknowledges and removes material that may break copyright law. This enables Baidu to offer an infringement-free platform. [89] [90]

In April 2022, Baidu revealed they acquired licenses from China to provide the very first driverless taxis. The business goal to supply driverless ride-hailing services to the general public and have 10 autonomous cars and trucks set to begin offering rides to passengers within a 23-square-mile location in rural start starting 28 April 2022. [91]

In July 2022, Baidu revealed the Apollo RT6, a driverless vehicle that is prepared to join Baidu’s driverless fleet in 2023. [92]

According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and limiting online censor in the search arena. Documents dripped in April 2009 from an employee in Baidu’s internal tracking and censorship department reveal a long list of blocked websites and censored topics on Baidu search. [93]

In May 2011, activists sued Baidu in the United States for breaking the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it performs in accord with the need of the Chinese federal government. [94] A U.S. judge has actually ruled [95] that the Chinese online search engine Baidu has the right to block works from its query results under freedom of speech rights, dismissing a suit that looked for to punish the business. [96] [97]

In 2017, Baidu began coordinating with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security as well as 372 Internet police departments to spot details associated to „anti-government rumors“ and after that flooding „Baidu-linked website, news websites and devices with informs resolving false information.“ [98] This was done using natural language processing, huge information and synthetic intelligence. [98]

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese regulators advised Baidu, in addition to other Internet business, to „carry out unique supervision“ on news and information related to the illness. [99]

In November 2022, Sustainalytics devalued Baidu to „non-compliant“ with the United Nations Global Compact concepts due to complicity with censorship. [100]

Controversies

Death of Wei Zexi

In 2016, Baidu’s P4P search results reportedly contributed to the death of a trainee who tried a speculative cancer treatment he discovered online. The 21-year-old university student was named Wèi Zéxī (魏则西), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, an uncommon form of cancer. He discovered the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (武警北京市总队第二医院) through the search engine Baidu, on which the healthcare facility had been promoting itself. [101] The treatment showed unsuccessful and Wèi died in April 2016. [101]

After Wei’s family spent around 200,000 yuan (around US$ 31,150) for treatment in the health center, Wei Zexi passed away on 12 April 2016. The event activated enormous online discussions after Wei’s death. [102] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the leading guard dog for China’s Internet area, dispatched a group of private investigators to Baidu. [103] The case is still ongoing. One report claimed medical advertising makes up for 30% of Baidu’s ad income, much of which originates from for-profit hospitals that belong to the „Putian Network“, a collection of medical facilities throughout the nation established by medical entrepreneurs related to the Putian area of Fujian province. [104] The examination led Chinese regulators to impose numerous constraints on Baidu, consisting of adding disclaimers to marketing content and developing channels for problems about Baidu services. [105] In addition, Baidu’s search function now largely directs users to contents published on platforms under Baidu’s control, leading Chinese media scholar Fang Kecheng to announce that „Online search engine Baidu is dead“. [106]

Commercialization of Tieba

Baidu sold the hemophilia online neighborhood, among the neighborhoods of Tieba, to unqualified hospitals. In January 2016, Baidu revealed that it will stop selling all of its illness-related Tieba. [107] On 12 January, Baidu formally announced to the general public that all Baidu Tieba for all types of diseases will completely stop industrial cooperation and will just be open to reliable public well-being organizations. In response to Baidu’s choice, Lin Jinlong, president of the Hunan Medical and Health Industry Association, said that private health centers have actually entered a period of market transformation and upgrading, and are neither depending on posting bar ads nor relying on competitive rankings any longer, so Baidu’s choice will not have an unfavorable impact on the industry. [108]

DO Global subsidiary ad-fraud in downloaded apps

On 20 April 2019, it was reported that numerous applications for Android devices developed by the subsidiary company, DO Global (formerly DU Group), were surreptitiously running revenue enhancing background programs on user devices given that a minimum of 2016. [109] These programs, part of six recognized applications established by the business, and downloaded numerous millions times, were clicking on internet ads – even when the gadgets were idle, and unbeknownst to end users, to increase revenue produced by „clicks“. [109] Just among the apps, all of which were readily available on Google Play Store, had been downloaded 50 million times alone and brought a user rating of 4.5 stars by tens of thousands. [109]

Google prohibited DO Global and more than 100 of its apps from the Google Play Store on 26 April 2019. [110] [111] DO Global was likewise banned from Google’s AdMob Network. [110] Apps from another developer, ES Global, including the ES File Explorer, that were owned by DO Global were prohibited from the Play Store and the account was suspended. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]

Block in India

In August 2020, following the 2020 China-India skirmishes, Baidu was one of several Chinese websites that were banned or obstructed in India for national security factors. [119]

2024 head of interactions controversy

In May 2024, Baidu’s former vice president and head of interactions Qu Jing [zh] (Chinese: 璩静) stimulated major reactions throughout the Chinese social media for endorsing hazardous work environment culture, where, according to a Douyin video, she has asked a coworker to be on a 50-day company journey during the COVID-19 pandemic. [120] The report has aroused even more conversations among Chinese netizens regarding Baidu’s corporate governance and internal culture. Qu freely said sorry after the occurrence and has supposedly lost her job. Baidu’s stock rate fell 2.17% in Hong Kong following the occurrence. [121] [122]

Panguso.
Tencent.
Sogou.
Alibaba.
Google.
Intellectual residential or commercial property in the People’s Republic of China.
Software market in China.
Comparison of web search engines.
List of search engines.
List of search engines by popularity.

China.

Companies.

Internet.

Technology.

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Further reading

– Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). „NEWSMAKER-Baidu creator rules China’s Web with pragmatism“. Reuters.
– Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). „Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices“.
– Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). „Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia smart devices“.

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